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Radiant Heat Abstract
Radiant Heat Claims 1. An inflatable structure having an inflatable portion comprising a first piece and a second contiguous piece of flexible fabric in part defining said inflatable portion, each of said first and said second fabric pieces being substantially free of radiant heat absorptive pigment and carrying an inner coating of thermoplastic polymer rendering said fabric pieces air impermeable, said inner coating also being substantially free of radiant heat absorptive pigment, said first and said second fabric pieces further having an outer coating of thermoplastic polymer carrying radiant heat reflective metallic particles therein, said first and said second fabric pieces being overlapped by a determined dimension to define a lap seam therebetween, adhesive means interposing between said first and said second fabric pieces within said lap seam for sealingly securing the latter together, said adhesive means comprising a layer of adhesive intersecuring to said outer coating of an underlying one of said first and second fabric pieces and to said inner coating of the overlapping other of said first and second fabric pieces; said adhesive layer extending from adjacent an edge of said one fabric piece to but not beyond an edge of said other fabric piece and defining a substantially constant certain thickness from said edge of said one fabric piece through a major fractional part of said determined dimension toward said edge of said other fabric piece and defining a thickness less than said certain thickness through the remaining fractional part of said determined dimension to said edge of said other fabric piece, thereby to substantially prevent obverse exposure of said adhesive layer. 2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said flexible fabric comprises woven nylon filaments. 3. The invention of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic polymer comprises a urethane polymer. 4. The invention of claim 1 wherein said metallic particles comprise platelets of aluminum. 5. The invention of claim 1 wherein said adhesive means comprises a urethane polymer material and means for causing cross linking thereof. 6. The invention of claim 5 wherein said cross linking means comprises an isocyanate. Patent Information Search Body
Radiant Heat Description This patent application is related to patent application Ser. No. 463,772 having the same title as the present application, and which is assigned to the same assignee. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The field of this invention is inflatable structure, such as inflatable life rafts and inflatable aircraft escape slides, and methods for making such structure. More particularly, this invention relates to such inflatable structure which is especially resistant to loss of inflation integrity caused by exposure to intense radiant heat energy. Such radiant heat energy may result from an aircraft fuel fire. Modern commercial passenger aircraft are equipped with one or more inflatable escape slides. Such escape slides are deflated and folded for storage in or adjacent to the various doors of the aircraft. After an emergency landing such slides are rapidly deployed and inflated. The aircraft passengers and crew may safely escape from the aircraft by sliding down the inflated slides to reach the earth. Further, when an aircraft is ditched in water the passengers and crew may slide from the aircraft into the water by using the inflated slides. After the passengers and crew have escaped from the aircraft, the escape slides may be separated from the aircraft for use as life rafts. Consequently, many conventional escape slides are especially designed and constructed to serve well in the dual capacity of escape slide and life raft. Because of the potential for use of escape slides as life rafts, many conventional escape slides have been constructed principally of nylon fabric which is airproofed with an inner and outer coating of thermosetting polymer such as neoprene. The outer neoprene coating is pigmented to produce a yellow, red or orange color which is highly visible upon the surface of the sea. Such high visibility of the escape slide in its use as a life raft promotes rapid location of the raft and rescue of the passengers. However, the structure of an aircraft is sometimes damaged during an emergency landing or ditching so that fuel leaks from the aircraft. Such leaking fuel is frequently ignited. While the resulting fuel fire may be of a limited nature so that one or more of the inflated aircraft escape slides are separated from the fuel fire and lead to safety for the passengers, such a fire nevertheless jeopardizes even distant escape slides. Such is the case because a fuel fire may be very intense, generating high temperatures and liberating intense radiant heat energy. The radiant heat energy impinging upon the inflated escape slides rapidly heats both the flexible material from which the slide is made and the inflation gas therein. As a result, the internal inflation pressure may increase at the same time that the slide fabric is heated and weakened. Of course, such a combination of factors eventually results in a breach in the inflated escape slide and rapid deflation. Ironically, it has been discovered that the high-visibility coloration of conventional escape slides greatly increases the rate at which the inflated slides absorb radiant heat energy from a fuel fire. The radiant heat flux from a fuel fire may be so intense that conventional escape slides are destroyed in just a few seconds time. For example, a conventional escape slide may endure for only 90 to 120 seconds when exposed to a radiant heat flux of 1.5 BTU/ft.sup.2 -sec. The endurance of such a conventional slide may be as short as 40 to 50 seconds if the radiant heat flux reaches a more intense level of 2.0 BTU/ft.sup.2 -sec. The usual mode of failure of a conventional escape slide when exposed to radiant heat flux is charring of the thermoset neoprene and a localized loss by the nylon fabric of its ability to hold inflation air pressure. Attempts have been made to improve the air holding ability and heat resistance of conventional escape slides by painting them with an aluminized paint. However, these attempts have met with little success. It is believed that the conventional high-visibility pigmented fabric continues to be absorptive of radiant heat energy despite an overcoat of somewhat reflective aluminized paint. Moreover, a conventional aircraft escape slide may be destroyed at a time and under conditions such that its mere destruction leads to passenger injuries or deaths even though other routes of escape may be available. After witnessing the destruction of an aircraft escape slide, which is an apparent bridge to safety, passengers may be left to escape a burning, smoke filled aircraft by whatever route is open to them. Such a situation promotes panic and rash behavior leading to injuries or death which cool-headed conduct might have prevented. Accordingly, it is desirable that the escape slides of an aircraft endure as long as possible both to provide a route of escape for the passengers and to avoid the panic which may result when an escape slide fails. Growing recognition of the vulnerability of conventional aircraft escape slides to destruction by radiant heat flux has lead a major airframe manufacturer to express a need for escape slides which are resistant to radiant heat flux. Further, such recognition may result in the promulgation by the F.A.A. of official guidelines and standards for radiant heat resistance of escape slides for commercial passenger aircraft. A precursor of such guidelines is seen in A.S.T.M. draft standard 07.06-12-2 which is applicable to radiant heat testing of fabrics for escape slides. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,935,607 and 4,083,070 are believed to relate to inflatable structures; while U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,759,522; 3,092,530; and 3,591,400 are believed to relate to materials which are resistant to radiant heat energy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides inflatable structure which is substantially reflective of radiant heat energy and resistant to destruction by such heat energy, and method for making such structure. More particularly, the invention provides a structure having an inflatable portion fabricated principally of flexible air impermeable fabric having an outer face which is substantially reflective of radiant heat energy. The inflatable portion is made by adhesively securing together pieces of the heat resistant fabric to define lap seams therebetween. Further, because experience has shown that the seams of an inflatable structure are particularly vulnerable to destruction by radiant heat flux, the present invention provides a method of making seams which are more resistant to radiant heat energy than any known heretofore. Accordingly, the present invention may be defined as an inflatable structure such as an aircraft escape slide or the like having an inflatable portion comprising a first and a second contiguous pieces of flexible fabric in part defining said inflatable portion, each of said first and said second fabric pieces being substantially free of radiant heat absorptive pigment and carrying an inner coating of thermoplastic polymer rendering said fabric pieces air impermeable, said inner coating also being substantially free of radiant heat absorptive pigment, said first and said second fabric pieces further having an outer coating of thermoplastic polymer carrying radiant heat reflective metallic particles therein, said first and said second fabric pieces being partially overlapped and adhesively secured sealingly together by a ribbon of adhesive to define a lap seam therebetween, the overlapping one of said first and second fabric pieces defining a marginal edge section extending beyond said ribbon of adhesive oppositely from the remainder of said one fabric piece. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a fragmentary pictorial depiction of a commercial passenger aircraft with an escape slide thereof inflated and deployed for passenger use while being exposed to radiant heat flux from a fuel fire; FIG. 2 diagrammatically depicts a cross sectional view taken transversely of a seam of an inflatable structure embodying the invention; and FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates a step in the making of a seam as illustrated by FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Viewing FIG. 1, an aircraft 10 (only a portion of which is illustrated) is depicted following an emergency landing with an inflated escape slide 12 extending from below a door opening 14 of the aircraft to a lower surface 16, such as a runway surface or the earth. The escape slide 12 when inflated as shown is a semirigid structure comprising a pair of elongate spaced apart body tubes 18, 20 which are joined respectively with a pair of similarly elongate and spaced apart guide tubes 22, 24. The body tubes 18, 20 are spaced apart by a tranverse sill beam 26 which rests against the aircraft exterior and also by a transverse runway beam 28 resting upon the surface 16. Both the sill beam 26 and runway beam 28 are tubular constructions similar in construction to and in fluid pressure communication with the body tubes 18, 20 and guide tubes 22, 24. The sill beam 26 or one of the body tubes 18, 20 or guide tubes 22, 24 includes an apirator 30 for inflation of the inflatable structure. Body tubes 18, 20 and sill tube 26 along with runway tube 28 support among them a web 32 of flexible material defining a sliding surface 34. The sliding surface 34 extends from the door opening 14 to adjacent the surface 16 below and between the guide tubes 22,24 to define a trough for conducting evacuees from door 14 to surface 16. The details of the sliding surface 34, inflation of the structure 12, and attachment thereof to aircraft 10 are conventional and well-known and will not be described in further detail. The escape slide 12 is made principally of flexible air impermeable material. When not inflated and deployed as shown in FIG. 1, the slide 12 is deflated and folded for storage within a compartment (not shown) adjacent to door opening 14. Thus, it is easily appreciated that the escape slide 12 is semirigid and useable by evacuees only when it is inflated and supported by internal air pressure. Following an emergency landing, passengers and crew of the aircraft 10 may quickly escape therefrom and safely reach the surface 16 by sliding down the surface 34 so long as the escape slide 12 is inflated and supported by internal air pressure. However, as frequently happens during an emergency landing, fuel has leaked from the aircraft 10 and been ignited to cause an intense fire 36. The fire 36, while not immediately adjacent to escape slide 12 and some distance therefrom, nevertheless subjects escape slide 12 to intense radiant heat energy (represented by arrows Q). Radiant heat Q impinges upon and heats the flexible material from which escape slide 12 is made as well as heating and increasing the pressure of the pressurized air within the escape slide. In view of the air-supported nature of the escape slide 12, it is easily seen that if the intense radiant heat Q deteriorates either the flexible material from which the slide 12 is fabricated, or one of the many seams joining various component pieces of the material together, sufficiently that the increased air pressure therein breaches the material or a seam then the slide 12 deflates and is rendered useless for emergency escape use. Viewing now FIG. 2 it can be seen that the escape slide 12 includes a first piece 38 and a contiguous second piece 40 of flexible material. The pieces 38 and 40 are cut to respective shapes accordingly to a pattern from a bulk supply of the flexible material for contiguous incorporation into the escape slide 12 to define a portion thereof. For example, the pieces 38 and 40 may define a portion of one of the body tubes 18, 20 or guide tubes 22, 24. Thus, the composition of the pieces 38 and 40 is identical so that only the piece 38 need be described in detail here. Material piece 38 includes a foundation or substrate of single ply nylon fabric 42. The fabric 42 is a plain weave of 210/1 denier high tenacity nylon having a thread count of 82.times.58 warp and fill. The fabric 42 weighs about 3.7 oz./yd.sup.2. Upon the fabric 42 is an inner coating 44 of natural or off white thermoplastic urethane polymer which renders the material air impermeable. Also carried by fabric 42 is an obverse outer coating 46 of thermoplastic urethane polymer carrying heat reflective metallic particles 48 dispersed therein. Preferably, the metallic particles 48 are flakes or platelets of aluminum. The inner and outer coatings 44 and 46 have a weight of approximately 2.0 and 0.5 oz./yd.sup.2, respectively. The material pieces 38, 40 are themselves able to withstand a radiant heat flux of 2.0 B.T.U./ft.sup.2 -sec. for at least 180 seconds while retaining adequate structural and air holding (inflation) integrity. In order to join material pieces 38 and 40 one to the other, a lap seam which is generally referenced with the numeral 50 is defined therebetween. The lap seam 50 comprises respective marginal edge sections 52 and 54 of the material pieces 38 and 40 which are partially overlapped and sealingly secured together. A coating, layer, or ribbon 56 of cross linking urethane polymer adhesive is carried upon marginal edge portion 52 of material piece 38. The ribbon 56 is disposed immediately adjacent to an edge 58 of material piece 38 and extends away from edge 58 (leftwardly, viewing FIG. 2) continuously for a dimension illustrated by arrow A. The dimension A is preferably three-fourth inch, plus or minus one-eight inch. Ribbon 56 also extends continuously along the entire length of lap seam 50. In contrast to the marginal edge portion 52, the confronting face of marginal edge portion 54 is entirely coated with a layer 60 of the same cross linking urethane polymer adhesive which defines ribbon 56. The marginal edge portion 54, in common with portion 52, defines a dimension B which is greater than dimension A. Preferably, the dimension B exceeds dimension A by approximately one-fourth inch. Thus, the portion 54 defines a section 62 which extends beyond (leftwardly of, viewing FIG. 2) the ribbon 56. The adhesive layer coatings 56 and 60 comprise a cured urethane polymer which in viscous liquid form is mixed with an accelerator immediately prior to its application to the material pieces 38 and 40. The accelerator contains an isocyanate which promotes cross linking both in the adhesive layers 56, 60 as well as in the respectively adjacent urethane polymer coatings 46 and 44 of material pieces 38 and 40. As is more fully explained infra, the adhesive layers 56, 60 engage one another and cross link with one another so that where they are overlapped the layers 56, 60 fuse to define a single adhesive layer (56, 60) and cease to be distinguishable as separate adhesive layers. Further, the section 62 of portion 54, along with its respective part of the adhesive layer 56, 60, extends beyond the adhesive ribbon 56 applied to material piece 38 to directly contact the outer coating 46 of material piece 28. Consequently, the adhesive 60 also cross links with, and promotes local cross linking of, the outer urethane polymer coating 46 of material piece 38. As discussed supra, the radiant heat flux Q to which the material pieces 38 and 40 and seam 50 are exposed may reach an intensity of 2.0 B.T.U./ft.sup.2 sec., or more. Further, as set out above, the mass of the materials from which escape slide 12 is fabricated is not very great (about 6.2 oz/yd.sup.2 for the material from which pieces 38 and 40 are made). Thus, it can be seen that if an unprotected and relatively absorptive feature such as a portion of adhesive ribbon 56 were left exposed, it would cause a very rapid local temperature increase and burn through of the the material piece 38. However, the section 62 of marginal edge portion 54 forms a flap which insures that all of the adhesive ribbon 56 is concealed. Because the flap (section 62) is adhesively secured to the material piece 38, it can not lift up or peal back to expose the adhesive ribbon 56. Consequently, the section 56 by insuring that all of the adhesive ribbon 62 is concealed insures that the seam 50 has substantially the same thermal reflectivity as the remainder of material pieces 38 and 40. FIG. 3 depicts a step in the method of making a seam as illustrated in FIG. 2. In preparation to uniting the material pieces 38 and 40, the marginal edge sections 52, 54 are each "painted" with three individual coats of a mixed adhesive and accelerator selected from the above table, as with a paint brush 66. A masking member, such as masking tape 68, is employed to limit the area of poriton 52 which is coated with adhesive. Thus, the ribbon of adhesive 56 is defined on material piece 38. About fifteen to twenty minutes is allowed to elapse between each coat of adhesive so that the adhesive layers 56, 60 are built up to cover the appropriate part of marginal edge sections 52, 54 with a coating of adhesive. Masking member 68 is then removed. While the adhesive layers 56, 60 are yet agressively tacky, the marginal edge sections 52, 54 are overlapped by about one inch to contact layers 56, 60 with one another. Immediately thereafter, a hard rubber roller or doctor blade is employed to force out any trapped air bubbles from seam 50 and to complete the intimate contacting of adhesive layers 56, 60 with one another. While the present invention has been depicted and described by reference to a particular preferred embodiment thereof, no restriction upon the invention is implied by such reference and none is to be inferred. The invention is intended to be limited only by the scope and spirit of the appended claims which provide a definition of the invention.
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